Design and Implementation of an E-shaped Patch Antenna for Portable Devices Treated with Nd:YAG Laser to optimize Bandwidth and Gain

Abstract

This paper presents the design and implementation of an inverted E-shaped patch antenna with a 6.5x14.1 mm² size. The antenna operates at 3.55 and 3.8 GHz frequencies and incorporates a Nd:YAG laser treatment to improve performance. The reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna was evaluated and measured, revealing a |S11| value lower than -10 dB within the intended frequency ranges, which spanned from 3.3 to 3.92 GHz with a bandwidth of 622 MHz and from 3.51 GHz to 4.34 GHz with a bandwidth of 834 MHz. Additionally, the antenna exhibited a gain of 4.2 dBi. After undergoing treatment, the antenna acquired a bandwidth of 1000 MHz. It resonated at frequencies of 3.55 and 3.8 GHz and experienced an enhanced gain of 5.2 dBi. The results exhibited a high level of agreement between the measured and simulated data, with few discrepancies attributable to fabrication tolerances. These qualities highlight the potential of the Nd:YAG laser-treated inverted E-shaped antenna for enhancing effective wireless communication systems.