The Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal of high quality devoted to publishing original research papers from applied physics and their broad range of applications. IJAP publishes quality original research papers, comprehensive review articles, survey articles, book reviews, and dissertation abstracts in physics and its applications in the broadest sense. It is intended that the journal may act as an interdisciplinary forum for Physics and its applications. Innovative applications and materials that bring together diverse areas of Physics are particularly welcome. Review articles in selected areas are published from time to time. It aims to disseminate knowledge; provide a learned reference in the field; and establish communication channels between academic and research experts, policymakers, and executives in industry, commerce, and investment institutions.
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AP0871 Structural and Electrical Properties of Bi2Te3:Al Films Prepared by Thermal Evaporation
In order to assess the influence of Al doping on the structural and electrical properties of Bi2Te3, before and after annealing, a range of tests were carried out on samples prepared through thermal evaporation. These tests included x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Hall effect, electrical resistivity, and electrical conductivity. The XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the films, and both SEM and AFM determined that there were no defects in the fabricated films. The addition of Al resulted in a rise in carrier concentration and electrical conductivity, as well as a reduction in electrical resistivity.
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AP0862 Tunable Structural and Optical Properties of Hydrothermally Synthesized Zn1-xMnxFe2O4 Nanostructures
In this study, zinc-manganese ferrite (Zn1-xMnxFe2O4) nanostructures were prepared at different Mn substitution ratios (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4) with a hydrothermal route. The structural, morphology, and optical properties of the prepared samples were studied. Results confirmed the polycrystalline nature and spinel-ferrite structure, and the crystallinity and crystallite size decreased with increasing Mn content. Spherical nanoparticles were formed with distinct levels of aggregation and porosity, relying on the Mn substitution ratio. The functional absorption bands of metallic-oxygen bonds and different molecular interactions were confirmed. A significant change in the absorption spectrum with increasing manganese content as well as an increase in the optical energy gap were osberved, indicating tunable electronic properties. The tunable structural, optical, and morphological properties of the Zn1-xMnxFe2O4 nanostructures with different Mn contents indicate their potential application in magnetic materials, catalysis, and biomedical fields.
AP0859 Structural and Mechanical Properties of Porcelain Prepared from Iraqi Raw Materials with Non-plastic Clay Additives
Porcelain is one of the most important technical ceramics, but the shrinkage in dimensions after firing resulting from plastic clays is one of the shortcomings that manufacturers suffer from. Therefore, this work aims to reduce shrinkage by adding non-plastic powder (fired kaolin (Grog): prepared by firing plastic clay up to 1100°C) and extend their effect on some other properties of porcelain. The composition of hard porcelain is: 60 wt.% kaolin, 20 wt.% flint and 20 wt.% potash feldspar as Iraqi raw materials. Non-plastic clay was added to the porcelain by 25, 30, 35 and 40 wt.% instead of kaolin. Forming the samples by axial pressing into discs then fired at 1300°C. FE-SEM images showed the emergence and increasing of the mullite phase as a result of the porcelain firing with the addition of fired clays. XRD analysis confirmed the presents of mullite phase in addition to the cristobalite phase. Increasing the non-plastic clay from 25 to 40 wt.% led to a significant decrease in linear shrinkage from 12.6 to 5.4%, increased the porosity from 12.2 to 15.1%, decreased the bulk density from 2.25 to 2.16 g/cm3, this clearly affected the decrease in the diametral strength from 23.26 to 10.48 MPa. The results obtained determined the possible application range for construction, to include thermal insulation, wall tiles and decoration.
AP0861 Nanocellulose-Based Biofuel Production from Sugarcane Bagasse: A Sustainable Approach
Sustainable biofuel production has many advantages, including that it accelerates the worldwide transition away from fossil fuels and toward renewable forms of energy. The current study included the synthesis and characterization of nanocellulose (NC) from sugarcane bagasse. The prepared NC was used to produce biofuel using a simple and rapid method including fermentation cellulose and NC using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast. Gas chromatography was used to determine the concentration of produced ethanol. About 49% and 79.5% ethanol were obtained when fermentation cellulose and NC, respectively. To increase concentration of produced ethanol, calcium oxide nanoparticles (CaONPs) were prepared from egg shells and added during the distillation of ethanol. The concentration of ethanol was increased to %97 after added CaONPs due to the fact that CaONPs works as adsorbent water molecules.
AP0845 Effect of Tapered Length on Operation of Traveling-Wave Semiconductor Laser Amplifier: A Numerical Study
This article presents a simulation study on the effect of varying tapered buried ridge stripes of the active region length on the performance of InP–InGaAsP semiconductor laser amplifier (SLA). The gain bandwidth, noise figure, amplified spontaneous emission, and output noise power are analyzed using a numerical wideband steady-state model for tapered lengths ranging from 25µm to150 µm. The model involves a set of traveling-wave equations that define signal fields and photon rates with the rate equation. The results show at 3-dB point, SLA revealed a wide signal wavelength range with a gain up to 26.7 dB for an active region tapered length of 50 µm. Moreover, the gain of the SLA exhibited the lowest value at a current of 120 mA with a low noise of 2.3 dB when the tapered length was 25µm. Finally, the results showed that the noise power is inversely related to the tapered length, whereas it increases with the bias current.
AP0761 Optical and Spectral Properties of Aqueous Magnesium Chloride Solution: An Experimental Study
This spectroscopic study presents absorption and fluorescence spectra of MgCl2 to provide valuable insights into the electronic structure, energy levels, and interaction of 10-3 M MgCl2 solution with light as an absorption peak was recorded at 255 nm. The MgCl2 solution can be commonly used for dust control, ice control and road stabilization. In addition, it has a wide range of applications such as serving as a fertilizer, a mineral supplement for animals, a wastewater treatment agent, a component of artificial seawater, and a material for textiles, paper and cement. It can also be found in many pharmaceutical, topical or skin-related applications, and the understanding of its absorption for UV radiation could contribute to the development of UV-blocking materials or environmental sensors in the future.
AP0814 Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Cobalt Ferrite Embedded into PAN Nanofibers for Humidity Sensing Applications
In this work, composite materials were prepared by mixing different concentrations of ferrites with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer. Using the electrospinning technique, these composites were deposited on a p-type silicon wafer. The prepared samples demonstrated nanofibers in both pure PAN polymers and their composites with ferrite. Prior to examining the humidity sensing effectiveness with a percentage of relative humidity at a frequency of 10 kHz, based on ambient temperature and a relative humidity range of 50–100%, the composite nanofibers demonstrated stronger humidity sensing compared to the pure PAN nanofibers, which demonstrated a powerful resistance response. More precisely, the PAN@ferrite nanocomposite showed a broad adsorption/desorption hysteresis loop.
AP0249 Heat Conduction in Two-Phase Heterogeneous Materials: Analytical Study
The method of the calculation of the heat conduction of the two-phase heterogeneous materials, where the filler’s participles of the cubic form by the at random fashion distributed in the matrix’s volume is considered. The given method of the effective heat conduction of the heterogeneous materials is based on the probability principles of the analysis of their structure. Such approach allows not only predict the average magnitudes of the heat conduction of the binary or many-component compositions but also to determine the bounds where their measured valuations will be realized with the given of the degree of certainty. The received formulas are applied in a wide range volume correlation changes and heat conduction of the separated components and also typical sizes of the researched samples.
Effects of Destroying Iran Nuclear Reactors on Human Health and Environment in Iraq: A Fast Review
No breaking news could be more critical than the destruction of three nuclear facilities in a neighboring country. As well, no news travels faster than the radiation and hazardous materials from such an event reaching your city. On the morning of Sunday, June 22, 2025, following major U.S. Air Force strikes on Iran's Fordow, Natanz, and Isfahan nuclear sites, the most pressing concern for Iraqis is undoubtedly the immediate and long-term consequences for their lives, environment, and children's future. This review outlines the most crucial aspects concerning human health and the environment, along with the necessary safety and preventive measures to minimize the risks associated with such an event, especially for Iraq, which is highly susceptible to the negative impacts of these strikes.
Nuclear reaction; Radioactive pollution; Radiation protection, Safety
AP01006 Preparation of Silver Nanoparticles from Lemon Juice Extract by Eco-friendly Chemical Reduction Method
The present work tries to investigate the possibility of preparing eco-friendly silver nanoparticles through the reduction process of Touilodin Blue Dye and lemon juice extract. XRD analysis indicates a face-centered cubic crystalline structure of the nanoparticles. In UV-visible spectroscopy, a distinct plasmon resonance band within 400-500 nm confirmed nano-sized silver particle formation. FE-SEM analysis supported a uniform particle size distribution and semi-spherical shape for the nanoparticles. The results show that the use of TB dye and lemon juice makes the process of synthesis not only eco-friendlier but also increases biocompatibility and applicability of the nanoparticles in photothermal treatments and environmental remediation; hence, this study advances green nanotechnology, illustrating that natural plant extracts can efficiently be utilized for the production of nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly approach.
AP01015 Extracting the Free Volume and Hole Fraction of Based Polymers under Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy Technique
In this study, the polymer structures of PMMA, SAN and SMA polymers were examined from bulk to surface by positron energy. The polymers were analyzed by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), the latest technique for studying the structure of polymers. The most important parameters of PALS technique are orthopositronium lifetime τ3 (o-Ps) and orthopositronium intensity I3 (o-Ps), These parameters help us to measuring the free volumes and hole fraction of the polymers, these physical parameters play important role in innovation new polymers. The free volume and holebility ratio measured with the PALS technique as a function of electronic density. The minimum and maximum values of free volume were determined in PMMA and SAN, the minimum and maximum values of holebility ratio were determined in SMA and PMMA respectively.
AP01058 Graphene Reinforced BFO: New Nanocomposite for Multifunctional Applications for Future Technology
This research illustrated the effective synthesis of graphene (0.04 mol) reinforced BFO composite and assessed its spectroscopic properties for various important applications, including supercapacitors and photocatalytic activities. The Raman analysis revealed the presence of D, G, and 2D peaks in the graphene. The energy band gap was measured to be an impressive 1.61 eV. Functional groups associated with the graphene were identified through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. These characteristics, along with the results from transmission electron microscope (TEM) microstructural analysis, confirm the high quality of the few-layer (2-4) graphene. Graphene reinforcement significantly increases the BET surface area of BFO from 4.2 to 78 m2/g. Remarkably, it also reduces the energy band gap of BFO from 2.62 to 1.68 eV upon adding graphene. The electrical conductivity of BFO has been evaluated at 4.2x10-4 S/cm. However, the conductivity value is projected to increase to 2.58 S/cm for our BFO/graphene (4 mol) composite.
AP01050 Highly-Pure Silicon Nitride Nanomaterial Prepared by Chemical Nitridation Method
In this work, highly-pure silicon nitride nanopowders were prepared by chemical nitridation method. The tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was used as a precursor for silicon alkoxide while ammonia was used as a precursor for nitrogen. The structural characteristics of the prepared nanopowders were determined and studied as functions of annealing temperature carried out during the preparation method. The chemical method used in this work can be characterized by low cost, simple requirements, and reliability to produce highly-pure nanopowders. Results showed that the prepared nanopowders largely maintain an amorphous or highly nanocrystalline structure, even at 1100 °C. Significant crystallization into well-defined crystalline phases of Si3N4 does not occur under these annealing conditions. While the material remains nanostructured, annealing at higher temperatures (especially 1100 °C) leads to some degree of particle growth or rearrangement, even without full crystallization. The silicon (Si) and nitrogen (N) peak intensities remain largely consistent, indicating that the stoichiometry of Si3N4 is maintained. A small carbon is residual from the chemical nitridation process or atmospheric contamination. This impurity appears to be stable or present consistently across the different annealing temperatures. The chemical nitridation method, combined with annealing up to 1100 °C, primarily yields amorphous or highly nanocrystalline Si3N4 nanopowders. While higher temperatures promote some particle growth, they do not induce significant crystallization, and the overall elemental composition remains consistent with a minor carbon impurity.
AP01038 Ag2Se Nanoparticles Synthesis by Co-Precipitation Method: Characterization and Antimicrobial Evaluation
Silver selenide (Ag2Se) nanoparticles possess promising optoelectronic properties, making them attractive for applications in biomedical fields such as bioimaging and biosensing. In this study, Ag2Se NPs were successfully synthesized via the chemical co-precipitation method. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed that the nanoparticles exhibited a tightly packed lamellar-like morphology with particle sizes 48nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of an orthorhombic β-phase structure of Ag2Se. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirmed the elemental composition, showing an atomic ratio of Ag to Se close to the ideal 2:1 stoichiometry. UV–visible spectroscopy showed a distinct absorption peak at 250 nm. The optical dispersion behavior was analyzed using the Wemple–DiDomenico single effective oscillator model, through which the refractive index dispersion, average oscillator energy (Eₒ), and dispersion energy (Ed) were determined. Additionally, the first-order (M-1) and third-order (M-3) spectral moments were calculated based on the extracted Eₒ and Ed values to further interpret the optical transitions. Beyond structural and optical characterization, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized Ag2Se NPs was also evaluated. The results demonstrated notable antibacterial efficacy, indicating the potential of Ag₂Se nanomaterials for applications in medical, and environmental.
AP01037 Investigation of Positive Ion Motion in Ar-N2 RF Plasma Using a Cylindrical Langmuir Probe
This study presents a comparison of the Orbital Motion Limited (OML) and Allen-Boyd-Reynolds (ABR) models for describing positive ions behavior in low-temperature RF magnetron (Ar-N2) plasma containing 70%, 60%, and 50% Ar in generated using 20W RF magnetron sputtering. Analysis performed on the I-V characteristics (0 to -40 V) obtained from a cylindrical Langmuir probe employed four criteria: a comparison of experimental and theoretical ion saturation current, the Sonin plot analysis, I2-V the linearity in the ion saturation region, and the Pilling-Carnegie criterion (d(log10V)/d(log10I)) versus V- Vplasma. The ABR model accurately predicted the experimental results for the first and second criteria. The OML model agreed with the third and fourth criteria. Although this agreement was limited for the fourth criterion at β=0.16, the third criterion revealed increased linearity of the I2-V curve of Ar-N2 plasma with 70%, 60% Ar, indicating better agreement with the OML model in the saturation region than the 50% Ar plasma. Fourth criterion (the Pilling-Carnegie) indicates good agreement with the OML model for β=0.08 and 0.1, but deviation occurs at β=0.16.
AP01031 Structural and Optical Characteristics of CNTs-Doped ZnO Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
This study examines the structural and optical characteristics of zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films infused with 0.05 wt.% carbon nanotubes (CNTs), produced using thermal spray pyrolysis at 400±2°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) verified a polycrystalline structure with a predominant (101) orientation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) demonstrated an approximate 10% decrease in root mean square surface roughness attributable to the introduction of CNTs, signifying improved surface uniformity and crystallinity. Optical studies indicated alterations in absorbance and transmittance, as well as an expansion of the optical band gap from 3.85 to 3.95 eV. The results indicate enhanced electronic transport and lattice ordering, reinforcing the promise of CNTs-doped ZnO thin films for future optoelectronic and photonic applications.
AP01005 Measurement of Mechanical Vibrations Using a Semiconductor Laser
In this research, a system for detection and measuring micromechanical vibrations resulting from electric motors using a diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) laser was designed and implemented. The operating principle of this technology is based on directly modulating the semiconductor laser with the electrical signals generated by the mechanical vibrations and then detecting the light beam carrying these information signals, represented by the frequencies of the mechanical vibrations. Using an electrical signal analyzer these signals are displayed and their frequencies are calculated. Both the vibration frequency and amplitude variations with rotor speed are included in the measurements. The data clearly show that 1.5 Ith was the optimal operating current value, and the waveform of vibration underwent noticeable alterations that allowing the detection of subtle vibration details.
AP01022 Synthesis and Sensing Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots/Alq3 Nanocomposite for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection
An electrochemical method was used to fabricate carbon quantum dots (CQDs) based gas sensor by combining the CQDs with Tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (III) (Alq3) polymer. A spin-coating method was utilized to apply the CQDs/Alq3 composite film onto glass substrates. The CQDs/Alq3 gas sensor exhibited a sensitivity of around 16% at 300°C, the change in resistance was measured, yielding a response time of 11 s and a recovery time of 25 s. The sensor demonstrated a significant reaction to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. The CQDs gas sensor subjected to H2S at 300°C exhibited a sensitivity of 28%, with a response time of 20 s and a recovery time of 29 s. The findings indicate that the CQDs/Alq3 sensor markedly decreased recovery time, emphasizing the role of the Alq3 polymer in enhancing the gas sensor’s properties.
AP01013 Effect of Precursor Concentration on Structural Characteristics of Titanium Dioxide Nanopowders Synthesized by Green Method
In this work, titanium dioxide nanopowders were synthesized by an eco-friendly green method. The structural characteristics of the synthesized nanopowders were determined, analyzed and compared to introduce their dependency on the precursor concentration. It was found that the synthesized nanopowders show polycrystalline structures with a reasonable dependency on the concentration of the precursor of the TiO2 (i.e., titanium isopropoxide). Also, the minimum particle size was found to increase with increasing the concentration of the precursor. Higher concentration of the precursor results in much more stoichiometric compound. The lowest concentration (0.5 mL) has resulted in higher surface roughness. The synthesized nanopowders will be employed in biological and agricultural applications to make use of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2.
AP0979 Spectroscopy of Copper/Zinc Alloys Plasma Generated by Laser
In this work, atmospheric plasmas are produced from different Cu-Zn alloys by Nd:YAG laser. Three copper alloys with different zinc rations, namely Cu80-ZnE100, Cu74-ZnE100 and Cu68-ZnE100 are examined. The Boltzmann plot approach and the Stark broadening technique are utilized to determine the electron temperature and plasma density for the induced plasma by laser. The electron temperature for the Cu80-ZnE100 and Cu74-ZnE100 plasmas is enhanced by 0.78 eV, and the electron density is increased from 7.6x1015 cm-3 to 9.4x1015 cm-3 when the laser beams hit the samples, while, the electron temperature in the Cu68-ZnE100 plasma is enhanced to 0.83 eV, and the density is increased to 1.29x1016 cm-3.
AP0957 Effect of Antimony Oxide Additive on Characteristics of (SnO2)1-x(Sb2O3)x Composite Thin Films Synthesized by Pulsed-Laser Deposition
Tin:antimony oxides composites have given great attention due to their unique properties and many application in various fields like optoelectronic devices, gas sensors. The synthesis and characterization of (SnO2)1-x(Sb2O3)x was conducted in order to comprehend the structure and discuss the optical and dielectric properties of this composites. The x-ray showed that the prepared pure tin oxide thin film was had a polycrystalline structure and that the peaks were identical with the tetragonal phase while the peaks were identical with antimony oxide for x=0.1 to x=0.5. The average crystal size along the preferred level of growth of tin oxide as well as of antimony oxide showed non regular change by increasing of antimony oxide content. Optical measurements showed that the prepared films(SnO2)1-x(Sb2O3)x had a direct Egopt energy gap of 3.75 eV, which showed a non- regular increasing to 3.95 eV with the increase of antimony oxide content from x = 0.0 to x = 0.5. Dielectric and electrical impedance properties of (SnO2)1-x(Sb2O3)x composites were studied over the frequency range from 1kHz to 200kHz. The results showed that the dielectric properties of (SnO2)1-x(Sb2O3)x composites and showed significant dependence upon frequency. The frequency dependence type of AC conductivity obeys the Jonscher’s power law.
AP0994 Advanced Metasurface Engineering for Broadband Applications of Enhanced Angle-Insensitive Conversion: The Cross-Polarization
A novel reflective metasurface designed for cross-polarization conversion (CPC) in the microwave frequency range is presented in this work. A split-ring resonator with a circular metallic outer ring and an embedded inner square ring is incorporated into each of the unit cells that make up the suggested layout. This structural configuration enables the transformation of both linearly and circularly polarized waves into their orthogonal counterparts upon reflection. A significant advancement in our design is the incorporation of four distinct plasmonic resonances, which play a crucial role in achieving an efficient and wideband CPC effect. As a result, the proposed metasurface achieves a fractional bandwidth of 72% with a -3 dB conversion efficiency, spanning frequencies from 1 GHz to 15 GHz. The proposed metasurface demonstrates the promising possibility of a large group of practical applications in polarization control devices, representing a significant advancement in microwave engineering and metamaterials.
AP0886 Successful Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Based Composite by Arc Plasma Melting
Among the transition metal carbides, tungsten carbide (WC) has received considerable attention as an advanced material in the world of materials, especially in cutting tools, ballistics, hard face coatings, etc. because of its ultra-hardness, high melting point, low friction coefficient, improved oxidation resistance, etc. Fused tungsten carbide, i.e., WC-W2C (tungsten semi-carbide) composites synthesized from WC by thermal arc plasma technique within 4 min. of plasma treatment. W2C phase was found to be more intense with the increasing duration of plasma treatment. XRD study confirms fused tungsten carbide formation (WC-W2C). FE-SEM, TEM and BET analyses infer about the high density with negligible porous nature of composites. Composite samples show a density of more than 15.72 g/cm3. The total pore volume measured in the composites in the range of 0.07-0.09 cm3/g. Compared to pure WC, we found the composites with improved microhardness. In this work, a 4 min. plasma-treated WC sample shows a relatively higher microhardness of 2190 ± 21 VHN.
AP01025 Numerical Modelling of High Efficiency ZnO/GaAs Solar Cell Using Single Layer Anti-Reflective Coating (SLARC)
Zinc oxide, ZnO, and gallium arsenide, GaAs, are a pair of materials that can build a good structure for a solar cell device as n-type and p-type, respectively. Both materials were promising good efficiency due to their optical and electrical properties in semiconductors. For that, the thickness of the material of SLARC was calculated using a formula to investigate the efficiency between 250 nm and 1200 nm of wavelength. The efficiency of the n-ZnO/p-GaAs cell without using ARC recorded 17.76%, and applying SLARC of silicon dioxide, SiO2, on top of the cell showed 19.62% using Personal Computer 1-Dimensional (PC1D) simulation.
AP01018 Effects of Laser Energy on Characteristics of Plasma Produced by Laser Ablation of Ni-Ti Targets
This work shows aims to study the effect of plasma characteristics induced by a pulsed laser from a nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) target at varying laser energy with the composition phase, structural, and surface morphology of the ablated nanoparticles. The increasing intensity of Ti II lines at higher energies, while absent of nickel, indicates differences between the excitation capabilities of the two metals. The electron temperature increases with the pulse energy, affecting the crystallinity and phase composition of the prepared nanoparticles. The plasma density increased with the laser energy due to the rise in the ionisation process. The XRD analysis of Ni/Ti NPs demonstrates that increasing laser energy leads to an increase in the Ni phase, enhanced crystallinity, and reduced strain in the nanoparticles. The FE-SEM images confirm the variation in morphology with increasing laser energy, enhancing the particles' uniformity. The 900 mJ laser energy ablation is more suitable for applications requiring high density such as in biomedical implants.
AP01020 Influence of Ferrite Nanoparticles Addition on Structural and Dielectric Properties of PS/PMMA Blend for Gamma Shielding Application
This study aims to synthesize a new type of nanocomposites based on polystyrene (PS)-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blended with ferrite (ZnNiFe2O4) nanoparticles using a casting method. The results showed that the FE-SEM analysis confirmed that the (ferrite) nanoparticles have a homogeneous distribution in the PS/PMMA matrix. The dielectric properties showed that at lower frequencies, the dielectric constant (ε') shows high values; as the frequency increases, the values of (ε') decrease. At low applied frequencies, the dielectric loss (ε″) values are high; however, as the frequency increases, they decrease. The A.C. electrical conductivity (σA.C.) of nanocomposites increases with increasing frequency. As the concentration of ferrite nanoparticles increases, so do the dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and A.C. electrical conductivity. Good linear attenuation coefficients for gamma radiation are found in films with varying weight percentages of ferrite and PS-PMMA blends.
AP01019 Enhancement of Gas Sensing Performance of Iron Oxide Lignin/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposite Films
The current study investigates the structural properties of lignin/polyvinyl alcohol composite films with particular reference to the impact of Fe2O3 loading and carbonization toward CO2 gas sensor usage. The prepared films showed the dominance of the C4 phase, even though the concentration of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the films was important in establishing their properties. Morphological variations with the content of Fe2O3 were observed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), from spherical agglomerates to fibrous morphology and nanorods. Maintenance by various concentrations of Fe2O3 of various functional groups, like hydroxyl and aromatics, was established by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Enhanced CO2 sensitivity in the instance of measurements of gases was shown with the best performance at the 4-ppm concentration of Fe2O3. These results demonstrate the utilization of carbon nanomaterials synthesized from lignin as active, environmentally friendly gas sensors.
AP01017 High-Performance NO2 Gas Sensor Based on ZnO:SnO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by Pulsed-Laser Deposition
Thin films of ZnO nanoparticle-doped SnO2 by 30% and 50% were prepared on glass substrates by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD). The structural examinations of the prepared samples showed that the XRD patterns demonstrate a polycrystalline structure, with the grain size decreasing with increasing SnO2 doping ratio. The elemental composition of ZnO doped with varying SnO2 doping ratios was determined by EDX analysis, which revealed that the film is composed of Zn, Sn, and O2, with the ratios varying according to the doping ratio. The optical properties show that the samples are characterized by high absorption in the ultraviolet spectrum, while the band gap values decreased with increasing the ratios of doping of SnO2 from 3.22 eV to 3.05 eV. The sensor results showed a very high response to NO2 gas for all ratios and at different temperatures. This response increased with an increase in the doped ratio of SnO2, reaching 1344.40% at 100°C, with a response time of 20.7 s.
Pulse Laser Deposition technique (PLD); ZnO:SnO2 thin film; Tin Oxide; Zinc Oxide; NO2 gas; gas sensor.
Green and Chemical Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles for Corrosion Inhibition Applications
The contribution of this research is production, diagnosis, and characterization of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles in new applications at the lowest possible cost and in straightforward methods. Pomegranate peel extract and reducing agent were utilized in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles, and characterization was done. The results show that the compound in green synthesis had smaller particles than those in the chemical synthesis. The particle size of green synthesized nanoparticles is between 1 and 3 nm smaller than the chemically synthesized 1 to 4 nm, while an absorption peak was indicated in the range of 500 cm-1 for Fe3O4 appearing in both methods. Chemical nanoparticles were clustered while the green nanoparticles were uncertain because they formed with a biological material. The chemical and green nanoparticles were studied by the weight loss of carbon steel when immersed in the inhibitor solution at different temperature degrees, at low temperature degrees, the results show that green inhibitors have the ability to reduce the problem of corrosion. The numerous changes on the metal surface led to a decrease in the inhibitor efficiency as the temperature increased indicating that adsorption of inhibitor species on the C-steel surface is merely physical.
Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ag:Sm3+ Co-doped PVA Composites Synthesized by Chemical Reduction Method
Films of silver-samarium (Ag-Sm+3) co-doped in PVA have been synthesized via chemical method. Silver nanoparticles have been synthesized at a specific consternation and redaction period via chemical reduction method, while samarium nitrate (SmCI3.6H2O) solutions as a source of Sm+3 ions. Photoluminescence (PL), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), UV-visible spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) have all been used to analyze the doped matrices as a function of Sm+3 ion concentration. The structural behavior of Sm+3 ions and silver nanoparticles has been investigated and showed randomly dispersed in the PVA network structure. The spectral diagnosis of synthesized samples demonstrated green, orange and red emission bands and these transitions arising from 4G5/2→6HJ on 400 nm excitation. The influence of Ag co-doping has been clearly observed on the photoluminescence of Sm+3 ions compared with the case of without Ag co-doped, resulting from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The CIE chromaticity diagram has been used to recognize the luminescence colors of film samples.