The Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal of high quality devoted to publishing original research papers from applied physics and their broad range of applications. IJAP publishes quality original research papers, comprehensive review articles, survey articles, book reviews, and dissertation abstracts in physics and its applications in the broadest sense. It is intended that the journal may act as an interdisciplinary forum for Physics and its applications. Innovative applications and materials that bring together diverse areas of Physics are particularly welcome. Review articles in selected areas are published from time to time. It aims to disseminate knowledge; provide a learned reference in the field; and establish communication channels between academic and research experts, policymakers, and executives in industry, commerce, and investment institutions. IJAP adopts a policy of open access to published articles for a full year, after which published articles can be ordered via the journal's marketing departments.
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Structural and Electronic Properties of Some Metal Oxides Content in Electric-Arc Furnace Dust
Steel manufacturing facilities approximately emit 6Mt of electric-arc furnace dust (EAFD) annually. This dust signifies a major source of recyclable metal oxides. Investigation of those metal oxides properties are beneficial not only for applications in photonics, electronics, sensors and optics, but also for developing new generation devices with a high execution. This work represents a systematic computational investigation to examine the structural and electronic properties of the simple metal oxides content in EAFD then compared to the obtained findings of previous experimental studies. Particularly, carrying out accurate density function theory (DFT) calculations give a detailed atomic-base insight of metal oxides that could not be obtained by merely interpreting experimental results. Simulated results presented herein for the structural and electronic properties correlate very well with experiment values.
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Characterization of Copper Nitride Nanostructures Synthesized by DC Reactive Plasma Sputtering Technique
In this work, copper nitride nanostructures were synthesized by dc reactive magnetron plasma sputtering technique. These nanostructures were grown on silicon substrates in order to fabricate anisotype heterojunctions. The nitrogen content was varied in the gas mixture in order to introduce its effect on the characteristics of the synthesized nanostructures. For nitrogen content of 10%, the synthesized nanostructures were polycrystalline and the minimum particle size was about 18 nm with approximately spherical shape. As the nitrogen content was increased in the gas mixture, the particles got larger and the electrical resistivity reasonably increased to reach its maximum at nitrogen content of 60% before slightly decreased with further increasing of nitrogen content. The synthesized nanostructures show high absorption in the spectral range of 200-500nm while their absorbance was highly decreased at the longer wavelengths. The energy band gap of these nanostructures was determined to be 1.856 eV. These heterojunctions can be successfully employed for optoelectronics and gas sensing applications.
Morphological, Topographic, Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Cobalt Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Pulsed-Laser Deposition
In this study, cobalt oxide (CoO) thin films were prepared by pulsed-laser deposition method using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The surface morphology of the prepared CoO thin films was uniform with an increase in grain size and the presence of distinctive shapes. The results of the nonlinear optics study demonstrated that the CoO thin films have a saturated nonlinear absorption coefficient, a negative refraction index (self-defocusing), moreover the calculation of third order nonlinearity susceptibility. Thus, CoO thin films possess good properties for the applications of nonlinear optics.
Enhancement of Humidity Sensing of PVDF/PEO Nanocomposites Doped with Tungsten Oxide
The study delved into the impact of nano-tungsten oxide doping on PVDF/PEO thin films, meticulously fabricated through the spin coating technique. By modifying the weight percentages of WO2 nanoparticles (NPs), the study revealed significant findings. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique provided insight into the polycrystalline nature and tetragonal structure of the films. The morphology of the films was examined using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which confirmed the homogenous distribution of WO2 NPs throughout the PVDF/PEO composite. Further chemical analysis was conducted using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which identified specific functional groups and elucidated the chemical complexities introduced by the doping material. Optical measurements indicated the energy gap increase from 3.0 eV to 3.2 eV, corresponding with the increase in WO2 NPs content.
Impact of Incorporating Different Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Structures and AC Conductivity of PVC/PVDF-based Electrolytes
The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles-doped PVC/PVDF/LiCl and PVC/PVDF/Li2CO3, plasticized with glycerol, was carried out. The solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) was analyzed for its structural properties and ionic conductivity using X-ray diffraction and an LCR meter. The structural analysis revealed that the SPE possessed a semi crystalline structure. The use of lithium salts resulted in a reduction in crystallinity or a transition towards an amorphous phase. However, the inclusion of metal oxide NPS led to an increase in the broadening of the most dominant diffraction peaks. The A.C. conductivity measurements demonstrated that the highest conductivity was achieved in PVC/PVDF/LiCl doped with WO3NPs. Measurements were conducted for both the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss. The minimal glass transition temperature for PVC/PVDF/LiCl doped with WO3NPs was determined using differential scanning calorimetry.
Simple Raman Spectroscopic System Coupled with Ag Nanostar Colloid as SERS Substrate for Detection of Low Concentrations of Water Pollutants
Raman spectroscopy is considered an effective characterization tool for the quantitative detection of pollutants in water, especially when coupled with surface enhanced Raman scattering ‎‎(SERS) technique. SERS is a highly sensitive and selective approach; it improves Raman signals by using nano-materials as substrates. ‎In this study, a low-cost Raman detection system was designed, ‎manufactured, and integrated with SERS technique using a star-shaped nanosilver ‎‎(AgNS) colloidal solution as a ‎liquid substrate to enhance Raman detection at low ‎concentrations of pollutants. The AgNS colloid was synthesized from ‎silver ions using ‎a chemical reduction method. ‎Sodium nitrate solutions with various concentrations ‎were used as water pollutants. Using SERS technique, the ‎results showed a noticeable improvement in the ‎Raman signal of the sodium nitrates' ‎spectra samples. ‎The ‎highest analytical enhancement factor for SERS was 7.48 for ‎the sample of the ‎lowest concentration (0.05M) of sodium nitrates.‎
Synthesis and Characterization of (TiO2)1-x(WO3)x Composites
We report about multilayer (TiO2)1-x(WO3)x thin films with various tungsten oxide concentration deposited on glass substrate via pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique method. The structural, optical and dielectric properties of the prepared thin films were characterized using x-ray diffraction method (XRD) and UV-Visible absorption spectrometry and LRC meter. The x-ray results showed a polycrystalline structure of pristine titanium oxide and the peaks are identical with the rutile phase and trace of the anatase phase. These peaks are identical with titanium oxide and triclinic tungsten oxide as WO3 is added to TiO2 while it was observed that all peaks belong to tungsten oxide at x=1.0. The optical measurements showed a direct Egopt energy gap of 3.0 eV of the pristine titanium oxide, which showed a non-regular reduction to 1.2 eV with an increase in the content from x = 0.0 to x = 0.6. The “s’’ value and the density of states at the Fermi level were found to be increased by increasing the tungsten oxide content up to x=0.8 and then changed and vice versa.
Fabrication and Characterization of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles via Laser Ablation Method
In this work, cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles were prepared by pulsed laser ablation of CdS targets in distilled water (DW), which served as the solvent and reducing agent. Using 300 pulses and a repetition frequency of 6 Hz, an Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 480 mJ) was used. The x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and UV-VIS spectroscopy were used to introduce and characterize the prepared samples. Plasmonic absorption was observed with discrete peaks using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The cubic structure of the CdS phase was validated using XRD patterns. Clusters ranging in size from 34.2 to 90.7 nm were formed with spherical particle dispersion, as shown by FE-SEM. The topography was studied by AFM showing a root mean square surface roughness of 2.833 nm, an average roughness of 2.354 nm, and an average diameter of 11.29 nm. These results validate the successful synthesis of materials for use in a variety of applied physics applications.
Characterization of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Synthesized By Microwave Method
In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were fast and cheaply synthesized using microwave methods. Titanium isopropoxide (Ti[OCH(CH3)2]4) was used as a precursor and deionized water (DW) was used as the solvent and reduction agent for sub-micrometer particle production after 5 minutes annealing at 400 °C for 1 hour using a 1200W commercial microwave instrument. The structural characterization tests showed that the anatase phase is the dominant in the prepared TiO2 nanoparticles. Large TiO2 surface area of 72.727 to 108.28 m2/g was confirmed. Spherical and irregular particles with uniform distribution and average diameters of 52.707, 65.602, and 82.095 nm were shown. Highly-pure TiO2 nanoparticles with strong Ti and O peaks were produced.
Experimental and Modeling of a Photovoltaic Panel Efficiency under Equatorial Africa Conditions: Influence of Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature
Variation of the photovoltaic panels’ performance caused by severe environmental conditions requires precise characterization of electrical behavior dependence of this material with these atmospheric conditions. This article presents environmental causes, in the equatorial Africa region, especially in Gabon, Libreville city, of solar panels failure then presents results from an experimental study (thanks to an in situ characterization bench of photovoltaic solar panels) and a simulation model to predict the efficiency of a system photovoltaic (PV) operating in harsh environmental conditions such as an atmosphere of ≥ 80 % of relative humidity (RH) and temperature up to 40 °C and thus know the performance of these electrical components. The objective of this paper is centered on the power and fill factor, which is affected by parasitic (shunt) resistance, depending on open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short circuit (ISC) current with the help of the MATLAB model and experimental data. Results are discussed.
Effect of Etching Time on Sensing Behavior of Porous Silicon Prepared by Electrochemical Method
In the current work, porous silicon (PS) was prepared using an electrochemical etching process in a solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol (C2H5OH) at constant current density and various etching times using p-type silicon with a (100) orientation and resistivity of 8 Ω.cm. The structural and topographical characteristics of the prepared samples were introduced by the x-ray diffraction patterns and atomic force microscopy. Also, the sensing characteristics of the prepared samples to ammonia gas vapor was introduced. Cubic structure was confirmed in all porous samples. The PS layer on the silicon wafer was growing and the grain size within this layer was increasing with etching time. Average roughness, root-mean-square roughness, photoluminescence peak intensity, and a minor shift to higher frequency (blue shift) were increased with decreasing average grain size.
Spectroscopic Diagnosis of Plasmas Produced by Laser Irradiation of CdO and CdO:Cu Targets
This work aims to evaluate the effect of Nd:YAG laser beam energy on the properties of plasma that is formed by directing the laser beam on a solid target (pure cadmium oxide and copper-doped cadmium oxide) in air under influence of atmospheric pressure. Plasma is formed throughout the use of laser pulses with different energies (500, 600, and 700mJ). The emitted light is collected using a fiber cable and illuminates the entry hole of the scaled spectrometer equipped with a charged-coupled device (CCD) camera coupled with an intense charge of photoionization at multiple delay times. Electron density, electron temperature, and Debye wavelength are calculated according to Boltzmann equations.
The Impact of Abiotic Factors on Soil-borne Pathogenic Fungi in Orchards
We examined fine roots and soil samples from different trees across 20 sites of orchards. Fungal frequency of occurrence (%) were calculated in fine roots and soil per location and across locations. Fusarium spp. was the most frequent fungi in fine roots in both Al Za’franiya (100%) and Tarmiyah (100%); and the most frequent fungi across locations with (84.2%). While Aspergillus spp. was the most frequent fungi in soil dilution in both Al Za’franiya (75.0%) and Abu Ghraib (50.0%); and the most frequent fungi across locations with (50.0%). Further, we examined five abiotic factors, irrigation, geographical locations, type of plant, type of soil, and type of water to identify their effect on fungal community of fine roots and soil in terms of least squares means and standard error (LS means±SE) across 20 orchard sites. Al-Za'franiya fine roots revealed abundance of fungal community (5.0±1.14), followed by Dora (1.0±0.93), Abu Ghraib (0.6±0.72), and Tarmiyah (0.3±0.51); while Lythraceae revealed a significant effect on fungal community (5.5±1.15). Similarly, Al-Za'franiya soil recorded a significant effect on fungal community (4.0±1.17); while Lythraceae had a significant effect on fungal community (5.0±1.10). Whereas irrigation, type of soil, and type of water showed no influence (p > 0.05) on fungal community in both fine roots and soil. These findings highlight the predominant of Fusarium spp. reflects the importance of this fungus as a potential pathogen in the agricultural environment of Iraq. Further, the variation in the effects of tested abiotic factors on the fungal community of soil-borne pathogenic fungi of both fine roots and soil emphasizes the epidemic risk on agricultural ecosystem in Iraq.
Fabrication of PAN:Cellulose Membrane for Oil/Water Separation
In this study, we fabricated nanofiltration membranes using the electrospinning technique, employing pure PAN and a mixed matrix of PAN/HPMC. The PAN nanofibrous membranes with a concentration of 13wt% were prepared and blended with different concentrations of HPMC in the solvent N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF). We conducted a comprehensive analysis of these membranes' surface morphology, chemical composition, wettability, and porosity and compared the results. The findings indicated that the inclusion of HPMC in the PAN membranes led to a reduction in surface porosity and fiber size. The contact angle decreased, indicating increased surface hydrophilicity, which can enhance flux and reduce fouling tendencies. Subsequently, we evaluated the efficiency of all prepared nanofiber membranes in separating emulsified oil from water using a cross-flow filtration system. It was observed that the 60:40wt% PAN/HPMC nanofiber membrane exhibited optimal performance in removing emulsion oil due to its favorable porosity and permeability, along with effective oil rejection.
Inhibition of Free Radicals in Water Using Nano Olive Leaf
Olive leaf is known to contain various bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols (including oleuropein), flavonoids, and antioxidants, which contribute to its potential health benefits. When gamma rays interact with water molecules, they can cause the ionization of water molecules, leading to the formation of free radicals. A free radical is a highly reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron in its outer shell. In the context of the effect of gamma rays on water, these free radicals play a significant role in various chemical and biological processes. In this paper the nanoparticles of olive leaf extract were used to prevent the causing of free radicals formation in water due from radiation contamination. Expose water samples to gamma radiation at predetermined doses was done using a controlled radiation source of 137Cs. Then the samples were analyzed to determine the extent of free radical formation. Techniques of UV-Vis spectroscopy can be used with 2,2-diphenyl -1-picrylhdrazl (DPPH) material to quantify and characterize free radicals causing in water. This measurements of free radical concentrations was done in treated and untreated with nano olive samples. When the concentration of nano olive leaf increases the inhibition of free radicals are increases i.e. the quantity of free radicals are decreases, the maximum inhibition of free radicals was 83% at 1×10-4g/l from nano olive leaf materials. The conclusion from this paper the nano olive leaf can be used to protect the human from ionizing nuclear radiation.
Physical Properties of Natural Blend Thin Film Composites Reinforced with Nanoparticles
Solution casting technique was used to prepare polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan composite thin films with a total weight of 1g. Chitosan (Cs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend was used as the natural matrix. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were added to the blend with different weight percentages (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3%). The effects of adding nano-Al2O3 on the physical properties of the prepared films, such as the microstructure, UV-visible and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and x-ray differential (XRD) patterns, were studied. The experimental results indicated that the transmittance of all films do not vary greatly. According to the FTIR results, the optimum interaction between both polymers and nano-Al2O3 was observed at concentrations of 1% polymer mixed with nano-Al2O3 at 2.5 and 3 wt.%. Ultimately, the structural and physical characteristics of the films may be greatly enhanced by chitosan in a PVA blend with a concentration of 3% nano-Al2O3.
Effect of Different Volume Fractions on Tribological and Mechanical Behavior of Al/SiCn/Grµ Hybrid Composites
Hybrid composites, specifically Al/SiC/Gr, are a promising area of research in material science. This work deals with the Al/SiCn/Grµ hybrid composite, which includes the additional nano silicon carbide particles (SiCn) at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% volume fraction (VF) and 1 and 5 % VF of micro-graphite particles. The process involves blending metal powders, cold pressing, and sintering at 620°C for 2 hours to create a specific green part. The results show that the increased volume fractions of SiC and Gr result in higher porosity, lower density and reduced wear rate compared to pure Al matrix. The microhardness values of 168, 191 HV were evinced by reinforcing with Al+6%SiC+1%Gr and Al+6%SiC+5%Gr, respectively. The highest compressive strength values of 153.38 MPa and 95.77 MPa were found in Al+6%SiC+1%Gr and Al+6%SiC+5%Gr, respectively.
Detection of Olive Oil Adulteration by Visible Spectroscopy Technique
In this study, simple, fast and cost-effective analytical technique based on visible fluorescence spectroscopy was employed for adulteration detection in the olive oil. Olive oil was mixed with three low quality edible oils in Iraq; sunflower, vegetable and corn, in volume concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. The excitation-fluorescence map shows that the luminescence of the olive oil occurred at around 675 nm when it excited in UV-NIR region. Therefore, a 532 nm green laser was used as an excitation source for olive oil adulteration. In pure olive oil, a clear orange color was shown and it became faint color gradually by only adding a small concentration of the mixed oils and disappeared with a high concentration. Moreover, the emitted intensity peaks at 675 nm showed a linear decay with increasing the concentration of adulterant oils; this is true for sunflower and vegetable oils. However, impurity with corn oil showed nonlinear trend with the concentration. The technique used in this study can pave the way for fast and real time detection for olive oil quality.
Characterization of Blend Electrolytes Containing Organic and Inorganic Nanoparticles
Gels of PVA/PVP polymer nanocomposite electrolytes filled with gradient contents of SiO2 and MWCNT were fabricated using a solution casting technique. The interaction of the polymer nanocomposite electrolytes was confirmed by FTIR investigation. The Electrical conductivity was calculated with an impedance analyzer within the frequency range 50 Hz–1 MHz at a temperature range 293–343 K has the highest ionic conductivity with 10 wt. % of MWCNTs and 6 wt.% of SiO2. The real dielectric constant was higher at lower frequencies. Faster-conducting electrolyte ions appeared to require less energy to move, according to the reduction in activation energy. Differential scanning calomatric thermograms showed a single glass transition temperature that confirms the miscibility of PVA and PVP together with the nanoparticles.
Effect of Annealing Time on Physical Properties of TiO2 Thin Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering Technique
The rf magnetron sputtering technique was utilized to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films on glass substrates. These films were annealed for one hour at temperatures of 400, 500 and 600°C. The UV-visible-NIR spectrophotometry was used to characterize the prepared films in order to determine their optical constants. The Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to determine the film thickness. The results showed that the transmittance of these films increases as the annealing temperature is increased. In the visible region of spectrum, the index of refraction of the prepared films was ranging from 2.22 to 1.2. The extinction coefficient was very low in the visible region and it increased with increasing annealing temperature. The gas sensitivity of TiO2 films increase in the temperature range of 200-1400°C even at low NO2 concentrations. The film annealed at 600°C shows high sensitivity to NO2 gas at ambient temperature and this sensitivity increases at operation temperature of 100°C.
Effect of High-Temperature Annealing on Optical Characteristics of Fe2O3 Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) has attracted plenty of interest for usage as photo-electrodes due to its low cost, in addition to its exceptionally stable in water solutions it also has a band gap of approximately 2.1 eV. Chemical pyrolysis through spraying was employed to produce thin films of it on glass surfaces, which were subsequently heated to 500 and 600 degrees for annealing utilizing a UV-visible spectrophotometer, the transmission of light and absorption in the range of wavelengths of (300-900 nm) have been verified in order to investigate the impact of annealing on certain physical characteristics. The optical band gap for thin films has been found to of Fe2O3 decreased from 2.86 eV before annealing to 2.78 eV at 500 oC. Thus, it is feasible for this substance to be utilized in a wide range of technological applications, including photocatalysts and solar filters.
Optical properties of PVA Doped with CGNS Nanosheets
The PVA polymers doped with coarse-grained graphene nanosheets (CGNS) with different concentrations (3, 6, and 9 wt.%) were prepared by the pulsed laser ablation technique. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, optical microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectrophotometry were used to study the structural and optical characteristics of the prepared PVA-CGNS nanocomposites. When the concentration of CGNS is increased, the absorbance, index of refraction, and imaginary and real dielectric constants increased while the transmittance and energy band gap decreased. The allowed indirect energy gap decreased from 4.54 to 4.257 eV and the forbidden indirect energy gap decreased from 3.79 to 2.89 eV. The results are encouraging to use this nanocomposite for radiation shielding, spectroscopic devices, and other applications.
Spectroscopic Diagnostics of AC Discharge in Magnetron Sputtering System
This paper investigates the effect of the AC discharge frequency, and the magnetic field on the discharge characteristics of a cylindrical magnetron sputtering device operating at constant argon pressure. The AC argon discharge was produced by applied high voltage alternating 10 kV with frequencies 7 and 9 kHz. The optical emission spectroscopy technique was used to determine the effect of source frequency and magnetic field on emission spectra, glow discharge regions and other discharge parameters (such as Te, ne, λD and ND). The emission spectra of an argon discharge at both source frequencies indicate that the emission intensity of Ar I and Ar II increases as the coil current increases. The emission intensities of the peak lines of Ar I and Ar II increase with increasing source frequency. An optical emission spectrometer was used to diagnose the effect of source frequency and magnetic field on the AC discharge properties using the Boltzmann plot method, the electron temperature was determined. The electron number density was calculated using Stark broadening. The data showed that the electron temperature, electron density, Debye length, and plasma parameters increased with increases in the coil current at both source frequencies. Moreover, the increase in source frequency causes increases in all discharge parameters.
Decoration of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Aluminum Nanoparticles by Explosive Strips Method
In this study, aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) were prepared using explosive strips method in double-distilled deionized water (DDDW), where the effect of five different currents (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 A) on particle size and distribution was studied. Also, the explosive strips method was used to decorate zinc oxide particles with Al particles, where Al particles were prepared in suspended from zinc oxide with DDDW. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction are used to characterize the nanoparticles. XRD pattern were examined for three samples of aluminum particles and DDDW prepared with three current values (25, 75 and 125 A) and three samples prepared with the same currents for zinc oxide suspension with aluminum particles and DDDW. It was observed that when increasing the percentage of prepared Al particles in the suspension consisting of zinc oxide and DDDW, the energy gap of zinc oxide gradually decreased in the samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis is conducted to examine the size, shape, and aggregation of the nanoparticles. The TEM images reveal that the Al nanoparticles exhibit a quasi-spherical shape. The particle size distribution analysis shows that the average crystal size of Al decreases with an increase in the detonation current. This method yields particle with average sizes within the range of 20 to 90 nm. When decorating zinc oxide particles by generating Al nanoparticles inside a suspension of zinc oxide and DDDW, the size of the resulting particles increases with increasing current.
Broadband Nonlinearity of Trypan Blue Dye for Optoelectronic Applications
This work presents detailed investigation on the linear absorption, emission, and nonlinear absorption and refraction of the organic dye Trypan Blue (TB) in two polar solvents water and ethanol. The nonlinear characterization was carried out by utilizing the z-scan technique with four excitation wavelengths 405, 473, 532, and 650 nm. The linear study indicates minor effects of the solvent and the major relaxation processes of the dye are non-radiative except a very small portion appears in the form of low fluorescence at the red edge of the visible region. In an intensity range (1.8-6.2 MW/m2), the TB dye does not show any nonlinear absorption properties. However, TB shows significant defocusing nonlinearity over the whole visible region. The dye shows high reliability properties of optical limiting and possibility of active optical control. The results of this study can open new insight in the TB dye usage in several photonic and optoelectronic applications.
Effects of pH Level and Mixing Time on Characteristics of Bismuth Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Synthesis
In this study, bismuth nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis from Iraqi lemon extract. Results showed that bismuth nanoparticles show absorption peaks at 268-289nm confirming the formation of bismuth nanoparticles with blue shift range. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the polycrystalline structure of bismuth nanoparticles with crystallite size of 9-20nm. These nanoparticles have nearly spherical forms with varying diameters between 22.37 and 20.89nm. The zeta potential were estimated to be -43.5 mV and -40 mV confirming the stability of bismuth nanoparticles. The sp2 hybridization of bismuth nanoparticles was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, from O-H stretching vibrations bonds.
The Influence of Bi on Compounds on Their Structural and Electrical Properties
The high-temperature superconductivity of Tl2-xBixBa2Ca2Cu3O10 and its electrical resistivity were measured at temperatures ranging from 90 to 330K. According to the findings, when the Bi ions concentration is increased from 0.1 to 0.5, the zero resistivity's critical temperature rises from 121 to 146K. The x-ray diffraction has also been used to analyze the structure of the Tl2Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 compound. The analysis revealed that the compound structure type is tetragonal with a=b=5.36Å and c=36.09Å. In addition, the value of the c-axis increases to 37.8Å when the Bi ions concentration is elevated to 0.5.
Optical Properties of CuS/Porous Silicon Heterojunction
In the present work, monocrystalline porous silicon was fabricated using the photo-electrochemical etching technique and then copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles were deposited on a porous silicon substrate at 250°C using spray pyrolysis method at different concentrations of CuS (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5M). The physical properties of CuS/PSi/c-Si heterojunction were studied. The results of photoluminescence (PL) exhibited that the peak position of PL spectra was shifted to the longer wavelength or lower energy when the concentration of CuS was increased. On the other side, the energy gap of CuS decreased with increasing concentration. The values of energy gap are 2.7, 2.59, and 2.55 eV at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5M, respectively. The properties of the CuS/PSi/n-Si structure were enhanced.
Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles on Various Substrates Using Direct Current Sputtering Method
Zinc (Zn) thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates using DC sputtering. The crystal structure and morphology of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. XRD analysis revealed a dominant Zn (002) peak, indicating a wurtzite crystal structure. FESEM images confirmed a uniform distribution of grains with a granular surface morphology. The grain size of the Zn thin films increased with longer sputtering times on both substrates. Scherrer's equation was employed to calculate the grain size from the XRD patterns. Notably, the Zn thin film deposited on the n-type Si substrate for 10 minutes exhibited the most uniform morphology among all samples. The best result was the formation of ZnNPs on silicon substrate at 5 minute where the particle size was at a peak 9 nm.
Evaluate the Output Radiation of Light Curing Sources in Dental Offices Across the Left Side of Nineveh Province
The research aims to evaluate the extent of the effect of optical processing sources and other factors on radiation outputs in dental clinics on the left side of Nineveh Governorate. Use a radiometer to measure the amount of radiation coming from polymerization devices. Radiation values were recorded at three locations in the clinics while the polymerase machines were operating. The mean radiation was determined after a short period of operation. The results showed that many dentists do not use curing lamps correctly and are not provided with sufficient information about the harm resulting from these devices and their impact on their health and the health of patients and the surrounding environment. Therefore, emphasis must be placed on appropriate education and training on the ideal light therapy technique. Improve photo curing performance at scale with detailed instructions on optimizing photo curing technology.