Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
type: channel
description: The Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics (IJAP) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal of high quality devoted to publishing original research papers from applied physics and their broad range of applications. IJAP publishes quality original research papers, comprehensive review articles, survey articles, book reviews, and dissertation abstracts in physics and its applications in the broadest sense. It is intended that the journal may act as an interdisciplinary forum for Physics and its applications. Innovative applications and materials that bring together diverse areas of Physics are particularly welcome. Review articles in selected areas are published from time to time. It aims to disseminate knowledge; provide a learned reference in the field; and establish communication channels between academic and research experts, policymakers, and executives in industry, commerce, and investment institutions. IJAP adopts a policy of open access to published articles for a full year, after which published articles can be ordered via the journal's marketing departments.
publisher: American Quality for Scientific Publishing, Inc.
language: en
publication name: Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
issn: 1813-2065
items: Effects of pH Level and Mixing Time on Characteristics of Bismuth Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Synthesis
items: The Influence of Bi on Compounds on Their Structural and Electrical Properties
items: Optical Properties of CuS/Porous Silicon Heterojunction
items: Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles on Various Substrates Using Direct Current Sputtering Method
items: Evaluate the Output Radiation of Light Curing Sources in Dental Offices Across the Left Side of Nineveh Province
items: The Optical and Structural Properties of Thermally Vaporized Composite Thin Films
items: Characterization of the Radioactivity of Natural Radionuclides in Some Building Materials using a High-Purity Germanium Detector
items: Determination of radon concentrations, surface emission rate and mass emission rate radon in the surface soils of the city of Tuzharmatu in Governorate of Salah Al-Din
items: Environmental and Radioactive Contamination in the Village of Kabarli in the Nineveh Plain Region in Iraq
items: Uranium Concentrations Investigation in the chicken and their parts samples Using CR-39 detector in Nineveh Province, Iraq
items: Environmental Radioactive Contamination Assessment in the Water Samples of Nineveh Province
items: Effectiveness of Nuclear Track Detectors irradiation by Laser on Recording Concentration and Track Diameter of Alpha Particles Emitted from Radon
items: Polypyrrole-Functionalized MWCNT Heterojunctions for Gas Detection
items: Effect of Material Irradiated Type and Spot Size on Spot Center Temperature of a Diode-Pumped Solid State Laser
items: Effect of Magnetic Field on Self-focusing and Stimulated Raman Scattering of q-Gaussian Laser Beam in Plasma
items: Investigation of Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering for Air Pollutants Degradation
items: Enhancement Cathode Electrode of PPy by GO to Applied for Supercapacitor
items: Physical and Magnetic Properties of Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 Ferrites Synthesized by Glycine-Nitrate Auto-Combustion Process
items: Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance of Plasma-Treated Tin-Zinc–Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis
items: Investigating the Potential of Al2O3 Nanocomposites for Innovative Self-cooling Photovoltaic Technology
items: Silver Nanoparticles Effects on Methyl Orange Dye Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications
items: Characterization of Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Laser Ablation Technique: Effect of Laser Wavelength and Energy
items: A Detailed Evaluation of Zn:Cu Co-Doping Impacts on the Performance of Nanostructured CdO Thin Films
items: Study the Effect of Etching Time on the Morphology of Porous Silicon Surfaces Manufactured via Photochemical Etching
items: Unraveling the Influence of Hydrofluoric Concentration on the Morphology of Porous Silicon Surfaces Fabricated through Photochemical Etching using Sunlight
items: A Study of Optical Properties of Tetraborate Glass Containing MgO
items: Preparation of Nanostructured Co3O4 Thin Films Using Spray Technique for Gas Sensing Applications
items: Investigation of Structural Optical Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Solid Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan:Polyaniline incorporating with NaI and LiI
items: Numerical Analysis of Thermal Strain resistance of 6061 Aluminium Alloy under Various Plasma Source Parameters
items: Structural and Optoelectronic Characteristics of Nanostructured Multilayer CuO/ZnO Heterojunction for UV and Visible Laser Photodetectors

Effects of pH Level and Mixing Time on Characteristics of Bismuth Nanoparticles Prepared by Green Synthesis
type: item
description: In this study, bismuth nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis from Iraqi lemon extract. Results showed that bismuth nanoparticles show absorption peaks at 268-289nm confirming the formation of bismuth nanoparticles with blue shift range. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the polycrystalline structure of bismuth nanoparticles with crystallite size of 9-20nm. These nanoparticles have nearly spherical forms with varying diameters between 22.37 and 20.89nm. The zeta potential were estimated to be -43.5 mV and -40 mV confirming the stability of bismuth nanoparticles. The sp2 hybridization of bismuth nanoparticles was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum, from O-H stretching vibrations bonds.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aya M.H. Kinaanah
creator: Raad M.S. Al-Haddad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 493
ending page: 498
doi: 10.2026/hssjfn76

The Influence of Bi on Compounds on Their Structural and Electrical Properties
type: item
description: The high-temperature superconductivity of Tl2-xBixBa2Ca2Cu3O10 and its electrical resistivity were measured at temperatures ranging from 90 to 330K. According to the findings, when the Bi ions concentration is increased from 0.1 to 0.5, the zero resistivity's critical temperature rises from 121 to 146K. The x-ray diffraction has also been used to analyze the structure of the Tl2Bi2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 compound. The analysis revealed that the compound structure type is tetragonal with a=b=5.36Å and c=36.09Å. In addition, the value of the c-axis increases to 37.8Å when the Bi ions concentration is elevated to 0.5.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muayyad N. Fathula
creator: Azhaar A. Ali
creator: Siham J. Al-Faris
creator: Rajaa A. Basheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 590
ending page: 592
doi: 10.2026/n1bj1d77

Optical Properties of CuS/Porous Silicon Heterojunction
type: item
description: In the present work, monocrystalline porous silicon was fabricated using the photo-electrochemical etching technique and then copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles were deposited on a porous silicon substrate at 250°C using spray pyrolysis method at different concentrations of CuS (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5M). The physical properties of CuS/PSi/c-Si heterojunction were studied. The results of photoluminescence (PL) exhibited that the peak position of PL spectra was shifted to the longer wavelength or lower energy when the concentration of CuS was increased. On the other side, the energy gap of CuS decreased with increasing concentration. The values of energy gap are 2.7, 2.59, and 2.55 eV at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5M, respectively. The properties of the CuS/PSi/n-Si structure were enhanced.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ahmed A. Ahmed
creator: Najat A. Dahham
creator: Ghazwan G. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 505
ending page: 510
doi: 10.2026/3brv6h93

Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles on Various Substrates Using Direct Current Sputtering Method
type: item
description: Zinc (Zn) thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates using DC sputtering. The crystal structure and morphology of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), respectively. XRD analysis revealed a dominant Zn (002) peak, indicating a wurtzite crystal structure. FESEM images confirmed a uniform distribution of grains with a granular surface morphology. The grain size of the Zn thin films increased with longer sputtering times on both substrates. Scherrer's equation was employed to calculate the grain size from the XRD patterns. Notably, the Zn thin film deposited on the n-type Si substrate for 10 minutes exhibited the most uniform morphology among all samples. The best result was the formation of ZnNPs on silicon substrate at 5 minute where the particle size was at a peak 9 nm.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Iman H. Hadi
creator: Doaa Sulaiman
creator: Ban A. Bader
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 549
ending page: 552
doi: 10.2026/8ykppv16

Evaluate the Output Radiation of Light Curing Sources in Dental Offices Across the Left Side of Nineveh Province
type: item
description: The research aims to evaluate the extent of the effect of optical processing sources and other factors on radiation outputs in dental clinics on the left side of Nineveh Governorate. Use a radiometer to measure the amount of radiation coming from polymerization devices. Radiation values were recorded at three locations in the clinics while the polymerase machines were operating. The mean radiation was determined after a short period of operation. The results showed that many dentists do not use curing lamps correctly and are not provided with sufficient information about the harm resulting from these devices and their impact on their health and the health of patients and the surrounding environment. Therefore, emphasis must be placed on appropriate education and training on the ideal light therapy technique. Improve photo curing performance at scale with detailed instructions on optimizing photo curing technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muna Y. Slewa
creator: Fatin M. Hamam
creator: Rafal Z. Bahnam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 584
ending page: 586
doi: 10.2026/vzjxgf21

The Optical and Structural Properties of Thermally Vaporized Composite Thin Films
type: item
description: In the current work, CuAlSe2 alloys were fabricated by melting the stoichiometric weights of Cu, Al, and Se in a sealed quartz ampoule at a vacuum of about 3×10-2 mbar. The alloy is applied to a soda lime glass substrate, heated to various temperatures, and then thermally evaporated at a pressure of roughly 10-6 mbar. The thin layer has a thickness of 1200±100 Å. Thin films were polycrystalline with sphalerite structure but the bulk showed chalcopyrite structure throughout. An increase in the optical energy gap with substrate temperature and direct transitions in the thin layer were observed in the optical experiments. As the annealing period was raised to two hours, the films annealed at 200-400°C indicated an increase in the energy gap.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muayyad N. Fathula
creator: Azhaar A. Ali
creator: Malik H. Kheder
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 581
ending page: 583
doi: 10.2026/awyzh537

Characterization of the Radioactivity of Natural Radionuclides in Some Building Materials using a High-Purity Germanium Detector
type: item
description: The main objective of the current study is to characterize radioactivity in selected samples of building materials by measuring the amounts of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) using gamma spectroscopy with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Samples selected for the models were collected from different origins and subjected to analysis to confirm average concentrations of radionuclides. Then, risk factors were calculated and these results were compared to international values for further analysis. The results of the study indicate that the quantities of radionuclides fall within the established global natural limits, which indicates that the levels of natural radioactivity fall within the globally accepted range.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Saad A. Essa
creator: Kareem K. Mohammad
creator: Yaseen H. Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 577
ending page: 580
doi: 10.2026/4a5nxc04

Determination of radon concentrations, surface emission rate and mass emission rate radon in the surface soils of the city of Tuzharmatu in Governorate of Salah Al-Din
type: item
description: CN-85 is used to measure the levels of radon. A total of twenty-one surface soil samples were distributed around Tuzkormato's outskirts, while six samples were gathered from the city center. The radon concentration in Tuzhurmato, Imam Ahmad district, ranged from 18.96 Bq.m-3 to 61.99 Bq.m-3, while the radon concentration in the Albu Sabah village was 37.09 Bq.m-3. The surface emission rate (Ex) was 1.14x10-4 Bq.M-2.h−1 (Albu Sabah) to 3.73x10-4 Bq.M-2.h-1 (Albu Hassan). The mass emission rate (Em) ranged between 0.12 x 10-4 Bq.M-2.h-1 in Albu Hassan village and 2.81x10-4 Bq.M-2.h-1 in Tuzhurmato-Iqsu district. When these results are compared to the allowable quantity of (ICRP) radon in the soil, which is (200) Bq.m-3. The comparison revealed that all locations of study agree with these boundaries.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Asmaa A Aziz
creator: Nada F. Tawfiq
creator: Lukman A. Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 569
ending page: 572
doi: 10.2026/fnyrk859

Environmental and Radioactive Contamination in the Village of Kabarli in the Nineveh Plain Region in Iraq
type: item
description: Radioactive pollution in the environment is produced by uranium and its progeny. The obtained value of average radon concentrations levels in soil was 164.640 Bq/m3, for water samples was 208.950 Bq/m3. Total intake uranium is dependent mostly on the uranium content in the consumed water. The mean uranium concentrations value for soil samples was 18.130 µg/kg, and for water samples average was 21.255 µg/kg, were generally lower than the standard level rate of uranium concentrations in the drinking water, which was set at 30000 µg/kg according to WHO guidelines, still not dangerous. The findings show that the values of the water samples are greater than those of the soil samples because the water originated in the earth's crust's deeper layers, which are home to a large number of heavy minerals that contain radioactive nuclides. Although there is no risk to human life, the high incidence of uranium availability in particular areas poses a risk to public safety and health. The studied area is safe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aaraf Kh. Thannon
creator: Malik H. Kheder
creator: Yasir Y. Kassim
creator: Hanaa N. Azeez
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 561
ending page: 564
doi: 10.2026/czg8mk16

Uranium Concentrations Investigation in the chicken and their parts samples Using CR-39 detector in Nineveh Province, Iraq
type: item
description: Chicken meat producers in Nineveh Province are in great demand for both organic and inorganic feeds that promote faster growth in chickens. Concerns over the quality of chicken meat and the potential for cancer and other biological consequences of radiation on consumers of chicken products are brought up by competition in the chicken producing industry. This study focused to determining the uranium concentrations in chicken meat and bones. Radiological risk parameters need to be determined in order to check the health risks to consumers of chicken products. The obtained mean radon concentrations were 44. 9565 Bq.m-3 which is below the world limit level of 100 Bq.m-3. The mean uranium concentrations in were 8.53243 µg Kg-1. The mean uranium activity concentrations value is 1.0529 Bq kg−1 which it’s below the world average of 35 Bq kg−1. The results indicates that the risk of increased uranium intake from chicken meat is almost very low so the studied area is safe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hanaa N. Azeez
creator: Azhaar A. Ali
creator: Malik H. Kheder
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 553
ending page: 556
doi: 10.2026/pbqreq47

Environmental Radioactive Contamination Assessment in the Water Samples of Nineveh Province
type: item
description: Naturally occurring radioactive and poisonous heavy metals, radium, and uranium with liquid and solid meals and collect in the, liver, kidneys, and bones while radon collect in the lung, where these metals can cause cancer. The obtained mean radon concentrations in tap and private well waters were 0.0430 and 0.1317 Bq.l-1 respectively. Total intake uranium is dependent mostly on the uranium content in the consumed water. The mean uranium concentrations in tap and private well waters were 8.8406 and 27.076 µg l-1, whereas these values were below of 30 µg.l-1 the limit according to guidelines of WHO. This indicates that the risk of increased uranium intake from drinking tap water is almost very low. The excess cancer risk is 0.1222 and 0.3745 x10-4 indicates that the probability of 12 and 37 per million people will die by uranium intake from water which is very low so the studied area is safe.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Azhaar A. Ali
creator: Malik H. Kheder
creator: Rajaa A. Basheer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 535
ending page: 539
doi: 10.2026/tdkjc955

Effectiveness of Nuclear Track Detectors irradiation by Laser on Recording Concentration and Track Diameter of Alpha Particles Emitted from Radon
type: item
description: The effects of laser irradiation on the registration properties of nuclear solid state track detectors were examined. Two different kinds of lasers were used, along with three detectors. The findings demonstrated that the quantity of radon gas-produced tracks increased with irradiation time, peaking at 8 minutes increasing about 25%, suggesting that bonds in the detector broke and free radicals were created. The recording of tracks was then varied by the detector solidification due to recombination between the free radicals and other molecules, finally falling to a value near the initial value. In addition suggesting that laser power matters more than wavelength.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Malik H. Kheder
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 545
ending page: 548
doi: 10.2026/3nsz2j88

Polypyrrole-Functionalized MWCNT Heterojunctions for Gas Detection
type: item
description: The current study is critical in examining the performance of a new nanocomposite sensor capable of detecting NO2 and H2S using a combination of PPy, NiO, and f-MWCNT. The f-MWCNT addition to the polymer matrix increases film roughness and the surface-to-volume ratio of the film, hence increasing adsorption of gas molecules on nanotube surfaces. The resistance change of the nanocomposite after exposure to H2S shows a very high sensitivity to the detection of gas, and the f-MWCNT has enhanced the sensing ability of the PPy sensor. This combination of PPy and f-MWCNT also exhibits a fast response time for both NO2 and H2S gases. The paper analyses the sensitivity, response, and recovery time of the sensor, along with operating temperatures from 50, 100, 150, and 200°C, giving a survey of the different operating conditions that the sensor may operate efficiently. The uniqueness of this paper is in the specific nanocomposite structure based on the unique properties of PPy, NiO, and f-MWCNT to enhance the detection of gas. The innovative approach to the design of sensors guarantees an efficient and highly responsive solution to monitor toxic gases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mohammed K. Jawad
creator: Farah T.M. Noori
creator: Seenaa I. Hussein
creator: Nadia A. Ali
creator: Zainab R. Muslim
creator: Manal A. Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 573
ending page: 576
doi: 10.2026/7jgj0k35

Effect of Material Irradiated Type and Spot Size on Spot Center Temperature of a Diode-Pumped Solid State Laser
type: item
description: This article presents an experimental study of measuring the temperature of the center spot of DPSS green laser, which emits a light beam with a center wavelength of (532 nm), and its changing with the laser spot dimensions and the type of material. The optical properties of this laser were studied, for example, the threshold current value was determined to be 62mA at room temperature. The results showed that the temperature of the center of the spot decreases logarithmically with increasing laser spot size. Moreover, by studying the spectral power distribution with the laser spot dimensions, it is observed that the density of the power spectral distribution drops in an inverse exponential function with increasing spot size. Finally, the results showed that the temperature of the of the spot center increases as the density of the power spectral distribution increasing.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ragheed M. Ibrahim
creator: Musab S. Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 540
ending page: 544
doi: 10.2026/fknpqg10

Effect of Magnetic Field on Self-focusing and Stimulated Raman Scattering of q-Gaussian Laser Beam in Plasma
type: item
description: This paper delves into relativistic q-Gaussian laser beam self-focusing effects on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in magnetized plasma. Analytical solutions for nonlinear coupled wave equations defined by pump and electron plasma wave (EPW) for scattered waves were obtained using variational theory. We ran a numerical analysis on the resulting equations to determine how the laser and plasma properties affect the pump beam dynamics and the intensity of the scattered waves. The pump beam's self-focusing action greatly affects the dispersed wave's strength. Our research also shows that the stimulated Raman scattering effect increases as the self-focusing impact increases. The stimulated Raman scattering yield was analyzed with respect to several parameters, such as plasma density, q-value, and the influence of the magnetic field. The main effect is that when q increases, so do the SRS fluctuations; similarly, as plasma density and magnetic field concentration rise, the SRS fluctuations rise too. We can see that the pump beam's self-focusing significantly affects the plasma's reflectivity of SRS since the reflectivity decreases with rising q-value, density, and magnetic field values.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ahmed S. Ahmed
creator: Hyder A. Salih
creator: Khaleel I. Hassoon
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 529
ending page: 534
doi: 10.2026/phfqsv56

Investigation of Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase Titanium Dioxide Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering for Air Pollutants Degradation
type: item
description: In the present work, Titanium dioxide nanostructure were prepared by dc closed-field unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering system using different values of Ar∶O2 gas mixing ratios. The magnetron sputtering system's operation parameters were optimized to prepare TiO2 nanostructures as thin films with optical and structural homogeneity. The X-ray diffraction patterns and UV-visible spectroscopy show that the prepared films contain an anatase structure and an optical energy band gap of 3.2 eV. The production of Ti–O bonds has been confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The TiO2 particles in the deposited films had an average size of 47.44 nm. TiO2 as active photocatalyst material is employed in the field of air purification through using methane gas as an organic pollutant. The material's photocatalytic activity was evaluated by test the deterioration of polluted gas in the presence of a xenon lamp using an appropriate gas sensor (MQ2 gas sensor).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ali N. Munif
creator: Firas J. Kadhim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 511
ending page: 516
doi: 10.2026/5nb18g45

Enhancement Cathode Electrode of PPy by GO to Applied for Supercapacitor
type: item
description: In this study, chemical oxidation was used to prepare polypyrrole (PPy) composites. Additionally, PPy has been treated with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets that were produced and added in a certain ratio. The structural characteristics of the mixed polypyrrole and polypyrrole-graphene oxide were investigated. The nanocomposites were produced by adding GO to PPy in volume ratios of 10, 30, and 50%. The molecular structures of PPy, GO, and PPy-GO nanocomposites were determined. The formation of a network of polypyrrol nanofibers was confirmed. Nanocomposites were produced by doping PPy nanofibers with GO in various amounts (10%, 30%, and 50% volume ratios). According to the electrochemical experiments, the nanocomposites exhibit high pseudocapacitive activity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Firas J. Hameed
creator: Isam M. Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 493
ending page: 499
doi: 10.2026/9jx2af65

Physical and Magnetic Properties of Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 Ferrites Synthesized by Glycine-Nitrate Auto-Combustion Process
type: item
description: In this work, magnetic spinel Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 ferrites (where x = 0, 0.4, and 0.6) were synthesized through glycine-nitrate auto-combustion process. Physical and magnetic properties that reported through XRD analysis, surface morphology, FTIR analysis, and magnetic measurement confirmed the formation of spinel structure for all ferrites with secondary phase of CdO with the crystallite size decreases from 32.09nm to 20.59nm with the increase of Cd2+ ion content for x = 0.4. FE-SEM images show that pure Ni-ferrite nanoparticles possess agglomeration. With increasing cadmium content at x=0.6, the morphology of the particles slightly changes. The agglomeration slightly enhance and spherical nanoferrites formation. FTIR spectra present the slight shift of the higher absorption band to low wavenumber for (x=0.4 and 0.6), which confirms the formation of Ni1-xCdxFe2O4 spinel structure. Results show that, saturation magnetization decreased as the Cd content increases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: We'am Sami
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 500
ending page: 504
doi: 10.2026/cw4mf828

Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance of Plasma-Treated Tin-Zinc–Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Spray Pyrolysis
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of plasma treatment on the gas sensing capabilities of tin-zinc oxide (SZO) composite thin films, fabricated through spray pyrolysis. It investigates variations in Sn atomic ratios, ranging from 0.0 to 0.6. The study explores the effects of plasma etching, utilizing cold plasma induced by a plasma torch, on the morphological and electrical characteristics of the prepared SZO films. Findings, revealed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), illustrates a noteworthy porous structure with uniformly sized spherical nanoparticles. The introduction of plasma induces significant surface porosity, thereby enhancing gas sensing performance through the porous SZO layer. Testing against NO2 gas indicates an optimum operating temperature of 150°C. These results emphasize the effectiveness of the plasma exposure method in significantly improving the efficiency of NO2 gas sensing, marking a crucial advancement in sensor technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Amer A. Ramadhan
creator: Moahmmed M. Hameed
creator: Moahmmed O. Salman
creator: Eman M. Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 485
ending page: 492
doi: 10.2026/axbfhn82

Investigating the Potential of Al2O3 Nanocomposites for Innovative Self-cooling Photovoltaic Technology
type: item
description: In this research, we investigate the use of a passive radiative self-cooling layer made of an Al2O3 nanocomposite on the backside of a compact 10W PV module. The coating, composed of Al2O3 nanoparticles (with a particle size of 30nm) blended with Na2SiO3.9H2O in a specific ratio, forms a ceramic glue applied to the module's rear surface in both horizontal and vertical directions using a standard paintbrush. The experiments were carried out in the 50°C ambient temperature of Baghdad summer. The results indicate a significant decrease in the temperature of the PV module in hot weather, reducing from 63°C to 58°C with the application of the nanocomposite layer. Additionally, the nanocomposite coating improves key performance parameters, such as open circuit voltage, short circuit current, voltage at maximum power, and current at maximum power. This enhancement results in a notable 10% increase in PV module power output, from 6.58W before coating to 7.22W after coating. The observed temperature reduction is attributed to the high emissivity of the ceramic layer, measured at 0.96 using a Fluke thermal camera. Extrapolating these findings to a larger scale, calculations for a 500W coated panel show a substantial power increase of 50W in hot weather conditions. Moreover, the annual energy gain is estimated to be 87kWh, with an impressive payback time of 1.5 years. Additionally, there is a noteworthy environmental impact, with a yearly reduction of 60kg of CO2 emissions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mohammed H. Al-Dharob
creator: Ammar A. Hamad
creator: Ahmed Y. Qqasim
creator: Omar A. Abdulrazzaq
creator: Ahmed A. Alwan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 517
ending page: 522
doi: 10.2026/te2abj96

Silver Nanoparticles Effects on Methyl Orange Dye Photocatalysis for Environmental Applications
type: item
description: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized by one of the most popular technique of pulsed laser ablation in liquids (PLAL) for photodegradation of methyl orange dye. To investigate the surface morphology of the nanoparticles, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) were used. Their results indicated that silver particles have sizes within nanoscale range. While UV spectrophotometer was used to examine the optical characteristics at regular time intervals (30, 60, 90 and 120 min). The UV results of the prepared materials showed that the best absorbance has been obtained for the concertation of 3x10-4 mol of dye which has been measured to be ~489nm. Results denoted that the dye degradation efficiency of AgNPs increased as the concentration of Ag increased in the dye solution to be 81% at the ablated time of Ag that equals to 3 mins. This work enhances the reduction of environmental pollution through this technology that can be environmentally friendly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hamsa N. Naser
creator: Rafea T. Ahmed
creator: Jinan A. Abd
creator: Nada A. Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 523
ending page: 528
doi: 10.2026/yepma118

Characterization of Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared by Laser Ablation Technique: Effect of Laser Wavelength and Energy
type: item
description: Pulsed laser ablation in liquids is a process that has many advantages over traditional methods used to prepare nanoparticles. A piece of pure, polished nickel metal was used to prepare nanoparticles using pulsed laser ablation technique in ethanol using Nd:YAG laser with three wavelengths (1064, 532, and 355nm) and three energies (50, 100, and 150mJ). This work focuses on evaluating the extent of the influence of some ablation parameters on the properties of prepared nanoparticles by characterizing them structurally and optically. The results showed the formation of both nickel nanoparticles and nickel oxide nanoparticles with spherical shapes and with an average diameter ranging between 11.35 and 76.6 nm. It was found that the oxidation rate increases when the shorter wavelength of the laser is used in the preparation. Absorbance increases with increasing laser energy, and the most appropriate wavelength and laser energy in preparation are 532nm and 150mJ. This technique has proven to be one of the easiest physical methods for preparing nanoparticles of metals and their oxides and is characterized by its speed and low cost.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Bushra M. Ghdhaib
creator: Sahar N. Rashid
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 477
ending page: 484
doi: 10.2026/xpcg9f30

A Detailed Evaluation of Zn:Cu Co-Doping Impacts on the Performance of Nanostructured CdO Thin Films
type: item
description: This study focuses on the production and analysis of nanostructured CdO films co-doped with zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) using the sol-gel spin coating technique. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that these films have a cubic crystalline structure typical of CdO. Surface morphology showed that both the doping ratio and the type significantly influence the microstructure of the films. The presence of O, Cu, Cd, and Zn in the initial solution was confirmed. The absorbance values of the prepared samples exhibit a positive correlation with the Cu content. In addition, the energy gap values were shown to be dependent on the Zn:Cu ratio. Conductivity, measured via the Hall effect, increased notably with Cu doping up to a 10% ratio. The results demonstrate the impact of Zn:Cu co-doping on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CdO films, indicating their potential for optoelectronic applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Roaa J. Mohammed
creator: Jasim M. Mansoor
creator: Asaad A. Kamil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 469
ending page: 476
doi: 10.2026/gjf33197

Study the Effect of Etching Time on the Morphology of Porous Silicon Surfaces Manufactured via Photochemical Etching
type: item
description: The main objective of the current study is to characterize radioactivity in selected samples of building materials by measuring the amounts of natural radionuclides (238U, 232Th, 40K) using gamma spectroscopy with a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. Samples selected for the models were collected from different origins and subjected to analysis to confirm average concentrations of radionuclides. Then, risk factors were calculated and these results were compared to international values for further analysis. The results of the study indicate that the quantities of radionuclides fall within the established global natural limits, which indicates that the levels of natural radioactivity fall within the globally accepted range.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Islam N. Yousif
creator: Malak J. Ali
creator: Ismael T. Tlayea
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 557
ending page: 560
doi: 10.2026/g1q1n792

Unraveling the Influence of Hydrofluoric Concentration on the Morphology of Porous Silicon Surfaces Fabricated through Photochemical Etching using Sunlight
type: item
description: Samples of n-type porous silicon samples with negative conductivity, low resistivity (4.3x10-4 Ω.cm) and crystalline orientation (100) were prepared by photochemical etching method using sunlight as a light source. The intensity of the incident sunlight was collected and focused on the surface of the sample through a telephoto lens with a diameter of 7.5 cm and a focal length of 30 cm. The effect of changing concentrations of hydrofluoric acid (20%, 30%, and 40%) when using etching time of 30 min and illumination intensity of 6181 mW/cm2 was studied. The results of surface morphology showed forming porous layers with thicknesses 527.7, 594.7, and 663.4nm and mean grain diameters of 104.9, 121.1, and 99.80 nm, respectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Islam N. Yousif
creator: Ahmed T. Abdulhameed
creator: Amenah M. Essmat
creator: Abdulrahman I. Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 565
ending page: 568
doi: 10.2026/zjsfw169

A Study of Optical Properties of Tetraborate Glass Containing MgO
type: item
description: Glasses with compositions (65%) Na2B4O7 – (35-x)%V2O5 – (x)% MgO, where x=10, 15, 20, or 25, is were produced using conventional melt quenching technique. The shifting rate of absorption edge position, band tailsenergy (Eo) and optical band energy (Eopt) were investigated. The results showed all the values of Eo and Eopt for the glass compound can be possibly treated and their characteristics can be compared with the values that correspond to their identical semiconductors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aynoor B. Kamal
creator: Zainab Q. Mosa
creator: Abeer N. Kadhim
creator: Islam N. Yousif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 587
ending page: 589
doi: 10.2026/zmkry972

Preparation of Nanostructured Co3O4 Thin Films Using Spray Technique for Gas Sensing Applications
type: item
description: Nanostructured thin films of cobalt oxide (Co3O4) were deposited on glass substrates using chemical spray pyrolysis at a substrate temperature of 673K. The deposited films were annealed at 773K for 60, 90, and 120 minutes to investigate their physical and gas sensing properties. X-ray diffraction results showed that the as-deposited films were amorphous, while the annealed films exhibited a polycrystalline cubic structure. The crystallite size increased from 51.74 to 55.33 nm with increasing annealing time. Microstrain and dislocation density were also evaluated. Atomic force microscopy analysis was used to examine the surface topography of the films. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, revealing two direct band gaps: Eg1 ranging from 1.98 to 2.09 eV and Eg2 from 2.5 to 3.4 eV. Gas sensors fabricated from annealed and unannealed films showed improved sensitivity with operation temperature at 200°C for NO2 and at 100°C for H2S gases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Seham H. Salman
creator: Israa A. Abbas
creator: Ali H.A. Alrazak
creator: Mohammed H. Mustafa
creator: Hind A. Mahdi
creator: Shaimaa A. Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 525
ending page: 532
doi: 10.2026/tgw4ex78

Investigation of Structural Optical Electrical and Dielectric Properties of Solid Blend Electrolytes Based on Chitosan:Polyaniline incorporating with NaI and LiI
type: item
description: Solid polymer electrolytes based on biopolymer blends have attracted significant interest for sustainable electrochemical applications. Blend electrolytes were prepared through solvent cast method and under a controlled environment in the laboratory. The electrolyte consisted of a 90:10 Cs:PANI ratio with different concentrations of salt (LiI and/or NaI) and a fixed quantity of iodine (10 wt.%) of the salt. The highest values of the electrical conductivity for electrolytes with LiI were 0.78 S.cm-1 while for electrolytes with NaI 0.64 S.cm-1 at room temperature. The conductivity elevating with raising salts concentration and with increase temperature range 303-353 K. The structural interactions between the polymer host and ionic species were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR results confirmed coordination between Li⁺/Na⁺ ions and the polar functional groups of chitosan and polyaniline. UV–Vis analysis revealed enhanced optical absorption and a reduction in optical band gap with increasing salt concentration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Elaaf A. Swady
creator: Mohammed K. Jawad
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 504
ending page: 512
doi: 10.2026/s3f83e57

Numerical Analysis of Thermal Strain resistance of 6061 Aluminium Alloy under Various Plasma Source Parameters
type: item
description: Recently, plasma sources have served an indispensable function across a multitude of applications, especially in the domains of particle acceleration and material fabrication. Such sources are capable of producing high-velocities particle beams which are fundamental to the progression of accelerator technology. The subsequent sections delineate the principal features of plasma sources as derived from contemporary research findings. . This study tries to compare some properties of a 6061 Al-alloy with respect to various heat fluxes of plasma source. The tested properties were the alloy’s ability to withstand stress, strain, deformation, and thermal strain. The model was numerically designed, drawn, and analyzed using Ansys Workbench 2021 R1. The results were first validated against some experimental works and showed a very good agreement with only a 4.4% difference. The achieved results confirmed that only 27%, 42%, and 28% stress concentration and strain concentration, and deformation, respectively, were registered by reaching the maximum level of the applied plasma source, which emphases its suitability for the proposed application.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nabhan A. Hamdon
creator: Omar A. Mohammed
creator: Ahmed M. Daabo
creator: Tawfik Badawy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 513
ending page: 524
doi: 10.2026/vy4p9843

Structural and Optoelectronic Characteristics of Nanostructured Multilayer CuO/ZnO Heterojunction for UV and Visible Laser Photodetectors
type: item
description: In this work, the dc reactive sputtering technique was used to fabricate multilayer structures from nanostructured copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films on indium-doped tin dioxide (ITO) substrates. The structural and morphological characteristics of these samples were introduced by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). As well, the spectral responsivity and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the fabricated heterojunction were determined to show their feasibility as multi-wavelength photodetectors. The optimum heterojunction showed maximum responsivity of 0.83 and 0.59 A/W at 347 and 585 nm, respectively. Also, it showed maximum EQE of 1.45 and 0.62 at 347 and 585 nm, respectively.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mahdi S. Edan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 213
ending page: 218
doi: 10.2025/f35fbw35